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==Alternative Root Projects==
==Alternative Root Projects==
Alternative Root Servers have been in existence since 1995 when several groups of Internet users found out that they didn’t have choices other than [[.com]], [[.org]]], and so on. Alt roots can in general be divided into two groups; those run for idealistic or ideological reasons, and those run as profit-making enterprises.
Alternative Root Servers have been in existence since 1995 when several groups of Internet users found out that they didn’t have choices other than [[.com]], [[.org]]], and so on. Alt roots can in general be divided into two groups; those run for idealistic or ideological reasons, and those run as profit-making enterprises.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19970125144823/http://www.alternic.net/TLDS.html AlterNIC] (aka ANIC): a domain name registry created by [[Eugene Kashpureff]] and [[Diane Boling]] that relied on an alternative DNS root with the aim of challenging the monopoly of [https://www.internic.net/ InterNIC] that operated from 1995 to 1997.<ref>[https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/alternic-founder-arrested/ AlterNIC Founder Arrested, CNet]</ref>
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19970125144823/http://www.alternic.net/TLDS.html AlterNIC] (aka ANIC): a domain name registry created by [[Eugene Kashpureff]] and [[Diane Boling]] that relied on an alternative DNS root with the aim of challenging the monopoly of [https://www.internic.net/ InterNIC] that operated from 1995 to 1997.<ref>[https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/alternic-founder-arrested/ AlterNIC Founder Arrested, CNet]</ref>
===Against Inefficiency and Abuses of Power===
===Against Inefficiency and Abuses of Power===
* In September 2001, [[Milton Mueller]] concluded that "competition among DNS roots should be permitted and is a healthy outlet for inefficiency or abuses of power by the dominant root administrator."<ref>[https://arxiv.org/abs/cs/0109021 Competing DNS Roots: Creative Destruction or Just Plain Destruction?, Computers and Society]</ref>
* In September 2001, [[Milton Mueller]] concluded that "competition among DNS roots should be permitted and is a healthy outlet for inefficiency or abuses of power by the dominant root administrator."<ref>[https://arxiv.org/abs/cs/0109021 Competing DNS Roots: Creative Destruction or Just Plain Destruction?, Computers and Society]</ref>
* Bottleneck in domain name industry due to ICANN's glacial pace of delegating new TLDs especially in its early years.<ref>[https://www.internetgovernance.org/2016/04/07/alternate-dns-roots-and-the-abominable-snowman-of-sovereignty/ Alternate DNS Roots and the Abominable Snowman of Sovereignty, IGP]</ref>
===Against Governmental/Intergovernmental Control of the Internet===
===Against Governmental/Intergovernmental Control of the Internet===
* ORSN was founded out of concern over the U.S. government's control of ICANN.<ref>[https://en-academic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/1045573 ORSN, Academic.com]</ref>
* ORSN was founded out of concern over the U.S. government's control of ICANN.<ref>[https://en-academic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/1045573 ORSN, Academic.com]</ref>