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==Alternative Root or Registry Projects==
==Alternative Root or Registry Projects==
Alternative Root Servers have been in existence since 1995, when several groups of Internet users found out that they didn’t have choices other than [[.com]], [[.org]]], and so on. Alt roots can in general be divided into two groups; those run for idealistic or ideological reasons, and those run as profit-making enterprises.
Alternative Root Servers have been in existence since 1995, when several groups of Internet users found out that they didn’t have choices other than [[.com]], [[.org]]], and so on. Alt roots can in general be divided into two groups; those run for idealistic or ideological reasons, and those run as profit-making enterprises.
* Open Root Server Network (ORSN)
* Open Root Server Network (ORSN): A network of root servers in Europe (other than the one run by Paul Vixie in the U.S.) that operated from February 2002 to December 2008. ORSN had 2 operating modes: ICANN-based and the default, independent. The former involved daily synchronization but did not remove TLDs that ICANN; the latter was not automatically synchronized.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20051124020843/http://european.de.orsn.net/faq.php FAQs, ORSN.net, Web Archives Nov. 24, 2005]</ref>
:{| class="wikitable"
! Letter !! Operator !! Location
|-
| A || Celox GmbH || Frankfurt, Germany
|-
| B || Funkfeuer || Vienna, Austria
|-
| C || KEVAG Telekom GmbH || Koblenz, Germany
|-
| D || Cyberlink Internet Services AG || Zurich, Switzerland
|-
| E || TRIERA Broadband || Maribor, Slovenia
|-
| F || Zen Systems ApS || Lyngby, Denmark
|-
| G || NFSi - Soluções Internet, Lda || Leiria, Portugal
|-
| H || Init Seven AG || Zurich, Switzerland
|-
| I || ALET.IT || Pisa, Italy
|-
| J || ASDA || Athens, Greece
|-
| K || Titan Networks Netherlands BV || Amsterdam, Netherlands
|-
| L || Paul Vixie || San Jose, California, United States
|-
| M || Home of the Brave GmbH || Frankfurt, Germany
|}
* Open Root Server Confederation (ORSC)
* Open Root Server Confederation (ORSC)
* OpenNIC Site charter
* OpenNIC Site charter
==Reasons Alternative Root Projects Have Developed==
==Reasons Alternative Root Projects Have Developed==
===Against Unilateral Control of the Internet===
* ORSN was founded out of concern over the U.S. government's control of ICANN.<ref>[https://en-academic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/1045573 ORSN, Academic.com]</ref>
===Experimentation===
===Experimentation===
* In 2005, [[Paul Vixie]], a member of the [[ISC]] F-Root team and involved in maintaining [[BIND]], a popular open-source implementation of DNS, suggested to [[RSSAC]] that [[ICANN]] create an alternate root zone so that the technical community could add features like [[IDN|internationalized domain names]], [[IPv6]], and [[DNSSEC]] without disrupting older DNS behavior.<ref>[https://circleid.com/posts/20160330_let_me_make_yeti_dns_perfectly_clear Vixie, Let Me Make Yeti-DNS Perfectly Clear, CircleID]</ref>
* In 2005, [[Paul Vixie]], a member of the [[ISC]] F-Root team and involved in maintaining [[BIND]], a popular open-source implementation of DNS, suggested to [[RSSAC]] that [[ICANN]] create an alternate root zone so that the technical community could add features like [[IDN|internationalized domain names]], [[IPv6]], and [[DNSSEC]] without disrupting older DNS behavior.<ref>[https://circleid.com/posts/20160330_let_me_make_yeti_dns_perfectly_clear Vixie, Let Me Make Yeti-DNS Perfectly Clear, CircleID]</ref>